Analysis Of Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller - 1270 Words

Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller 1245 Words 5 Pages Death of A Salesman, written by Arthur Miller, is a play based on the turmoil within an average American family. Miller wrote Death of A Salesman easily showcasing the elements of drama. I was easily able to follow the plot, identify with his characters, and picture the setting. The main theme of the plot seemed to be Willy reaching for the American Dream. Financial success, business success, outwardly perfect family, revered by your peers, and in general respected by all. Early on in the play two things are evident to the reader; Willy s questionable mental status, and his tumultuous relationship with his sons. Willy is apparently suffering from some sort of mental or†¦show more content†¦Wagner s. He is also unable to come to terms with his own advancing years as a salesman. He only goes to Mr. Wagner to ask for a job strictly in New York when Linda insists. What he sees as valuable experience others see as obsolete. Willy longs for the days when the boys revered him and they were pals. Scott Foll states the driving point of plot is conflict (1182). This play definitely has the ultimate conflict. That is simply, family. Conflict with Willy and Biff, Willy with himself, and Linda with her sons. For me the turning climactic point is when while talking with Ben, Willy believes he can regain what he lost years ago with Biff by ending his life. He thinks the twenty-thousand from the insurance money will fix it all. I suppose the resolution in this play was Willy s death. Although I do not imagine this could truly be resolution for the remaining family. Characterization seemed to be the most well developed element of the play. The patriarch of the family, Willy Loman was portrayed as the tragic hero. I believe his character did indeed possess some character flaws that inevitably led to his death. However, I agree with the character summary written in Spark Notes that Willy never achieved the self-realization or self-knowledge to be labeled a true tragic hero (Miller). He never fully realizes is personal failures, even with his death. His prideShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1235 Words   |  5 Pagesself-deception involves a lot of confusion regarding the nature of ones beliefs, ideals, and principles. Such situations can lead to two very different, yet life changing conclusions, self-realization or misconception of reality. Death of a Salesman, a tragic play by Arthur Miller, explores the effects of such deception through the character Willy Loman and the consequences of his decisions. It does so by addressing the mental and financial struggles associated with achieving the American Dream whilstRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Death Of A Salesman 1325 Words   |  6 PagesArthur Miller is one of the most successful and enduring playwrights of the post-war era in America. He focuses on middle-class anxieties since the theme of anxiety and insecurity reflects much of Arthur Miller’s own past. The play addresses loss of identity and a man’s inability to change within him and society (Miller 16). The American Dream has been an idea that has motivated society for centuries. It often times becomes the main theme for many movies, novels, and poems. In, The Death of aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1612 Words   |  7 Pages Selling More Than Just Merchandise The play, Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller explores topics that are parallel to the lives of the common man. This makes his play relevant during many different eras, as the central issues discussed correlate with struggles of everyday common people, no matter at what point in history the play is shown. This makes his play very versatile in nature as it can be shown throughout the decades. His play can be considered a classic story; one that cannot be forgottenRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman 1183 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Alimusa COM 101—FALL 2014 Death of A Salesman Essay Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman offers an instructive example for understanding the production and maintenance of identity through communicative interaction in a family using the character Biff Loman. Throughout the play, we see Biff’s character develop and change. He is in an identity crisis and is trying to understand his place in the Loman family. Biff is constantly seeking the truth about himself. He believes there is more toRead MoreAnalysis of the ending of Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Death of a Salesman shows the final demise of Willy Loman, a sixty-year-old salesman in the America of the 1940s, who has deluded himself all his life about being a big success in the business world. It also portrays his wife Linda, who plays along nicely with his lies and tells him what he wants to hear, out of compassion. The book describes the last day of his life, but there are frequent flashbacks in which Willy relives key events of the past, often confusing them with whatRead MoreCharacter Analysis in Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller785 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout â€Å"Death of a Salesman† portray the troubled relationship between Willy and his two sons, Biff and Happy. The name Willy, which we realize is short for William, is a rather silly name. However, it might suggest that Willy is willful in his denial of the lack of honest relationship with his two sons. Maybe he is willingly deluded by the fantasy of what he might have been or what his sons might have become and the mediocre reality of the way life actually is for the Loman family. Arthur Miler’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman 1136 Words   |  5 PagesGarett Miller Mr. James Mahle THE2000 2 August 2, 2016 Arthur Miller’s Impact Arthur Miller was born in 1915, and he died in 2005. He is possibly the most well-known and influential American playwright. He grew up during the Great Depression, so many of his plays deal with the American middleclass lifestyle. His two most influential works are Death of a Salesman and The Crucible. Death of a Salesman is about the tragic white collar worker, Willy Loman, while The Crucible is about the Salem witchRead MoreWilly Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1739 Words   |  7 Pages In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, a picture is painted of a â€Å"flaw-full† man, known as the modern hero of tragedies. Miller describes what characteristics the modern tragic hero possesses and how he differs from the heroes depicted by classic Greek playwrights such as Sophocles and Aristotle. In order to understand how drastically the modern hero has evolved, one must first understand the basic characteristics that the heroes created by Sophocles and Aristotle encompass. TheRead More Death of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man1046 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man In Tragedy and the Common Man, Arthur Miller discusses his definition and criteria for tragedy as they apply to the common man. The criteria and standards proposed by Miller may be used to evaluate his timeless work, Death of A Salesman. The first major standard of tragedy set forth is:   â€Å"...if the exaltation of tragic action were truly a property of the high-bred character alone, it is inconceivable thatRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1027 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Tragic Heroism of Biff Loman in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller This literary study will define the tragic heroism of Biff Loman in Arthur Miller’s play The Death of a Salesman. Biff is initially a victim of Willy’s continual harassment to make more money and find a better career. In this family unit, Biff must endure the unrealistic and fantasy-based elusions of his father in his fanatical pursuit of the American Dream. However, Biff soon learns of Willy’s extra-marital betrayal

An Anti Apartheid Movement During The Boer War - 1546 Words

Despite the fact that the black majority was silenced by the Nation Party, the government at the time, they were able to explore the flaws in the set government system and exchange their thoughts to free the people. They also encountered many difficulties during this process, but with time and consideration foundations were placed to get them out of their segregational government. Laws were set that prohibited any expansion for the majority, but that never stop them from creating different anti-apartheid groups that would open a way to get out of the problem that they faced every single day. People had to go through horrible times as they went on with their lives day in and day out, and the process of destroying the Apartheid. As the†¦show more content†¦The first one was the Mines and Works Act of 1911, that limited black from obtaining high paying jobs. Next, was the Natives Lands Act of 1913 which forced ten percent of blacks to become reserves. This law also prohibited b lacks from owning lands outside of said reserves. The third act that was put into action was the Native Affairs Act of 1920, and this created a system of tribally based but still governmental appoint councils. The last act that was passed and laid the foundation for the Apartheid was the Natives Urban Areas Act of 1923 and this controlled how often blacks were able to visit the towns in the country of South Africa. As the National Party was gaining their strength, and the current government form was being manipulated, the National Party began to dominate the white elections. They were powerful enough to take out the current prime minister and were fully elected into office. Their president was D.F. Malan, and his goals were to restrict the British from going into the country and to use the Afrikaners to their advantage. They never wanted to set apartheid onto the blacks, but to just control or subjugate them. As their power grew, they began to realize that they could actually take o ver the country and make it their own in a way. After a while, when the black majority began to understand what was going on, the National Party announce Apartheid on them and started to pass laws that restricted the majority. After the

Example Of Studies Essay - 735 Words

Significance of Study The data reporting on ethics training in public sector organisations have primarily been comprised of international studies, which have been conducted in developed countries (15 out of the 16 articles). Subsequently, a systematic review was applied in the current study in order provide information from existing research on ethics training programmes. This is one of the few South African study’s to apply a systematic review on specific ethics training programme elements. The aforementioned recommendations could encourage the implementation of practices relating to effective ethics training programmes in private sector organisations and ultimately contribute to increasing ethics training programme effectiveness. As a†¦show more content†¦According to Higgins and Green (2011) and Moodley (2016), language bias occurs when the published findings are only restricted and presented in one language. As a result, potentially relevant data might have been excluded, owing to the language restriction adopted by the researcher. Fourthly, the possibility of scope bias is acknowledged by the researcher, as the study only included two primary research databases. A wider research scope including other primary research databases may have yielded applicable articles, which could influenced the findings of this review. Fifthly, the database search was restricted to full-text peer-reviewed literature. As a result, other data sources such as dissertations and grey literature, which may have produced potentially relevant content were excluded. Sixthly, research data was only extracted using the University of Cape Town’s (UCT) online free research databases. Thus, any publications and databases that required any form of payment on part of the researcher were excluded. Subsequently, potentially relevant articles may have been excluded, owing to resource restrictions. Lastly, an adapted version of the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies was used in order to rate the quality retrieved articles. As a result, only quantitative research articles were considered for this systematic review.Show MoreRelatedStudy Essay example650 Words   |  3 Pagesmeed medical necessity requirements for tests, procedures, etc. c. How will your team monitor improvements? Continue auditing and monitoring the remittance advice logs and medical records. NOTE: Information for medical necessity/ABN example taken from LCD for Cardiac Rehabilitation Services L2650, which can be retrieved at http://www.cms.hhs.gov Read MoreCase Study Essay examples771 Words   |  4 PagesThe Clarion School for Boys, Inc. 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For each nursing diagnosis, state two desired outcomes using NOC criteriaRead MoreStudy Guide Essay example790 Words   |  4 Pages1. According to Zinn, what is his main purpose for writing A People’s History of the United States? Howard Zinn’s main purpose for writing A People’s History of the United States is to give history in an un-biased manner. For example, he says that he will not glorify any movement and denounce any ‘bad guy’ in history; he will give information as it should be given. Fairly. 2. What is Zinn’s thesis for pages 1-11? His thesis for the first eleven pages is to describe past events as they happenedRead MoreCase Study Essay example681 Words   |  3 Pagesbehaviour? How will competition laws be enforced globally? (5 Marks) 4. 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With little imagery and even less textual evidence, professionals in the field must work diligently when studying their subjects. Naturally, archaeologists cannot see or communicateRead MoreCase Study Essay examples1292 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 1: Prelude To A Medical Error 1. Background Statement My case study is over chapters 4 and 7. The title is Prelude to a Medical Error. In this case study, Mrs. Bee is an elderly woman who was hospitalized after a bad fall. After her morning physical therapy, Mrs. Bee felt she could not breathe. Mrs. Bee had experienced terrible spasms in her left calf the previous evening and notified Nurse Karing. Nurse Karing proceeded to order a STAT venous Doppler X-ray to rule out thrombosis.Read MoreCase Study Essay examples1382 Words   |  6 Pagesdue date, without an approved extension of time, will be reduced by 10% of the possible maximum mark for that assessment item for each day or part day that the assessment item is late. 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Communication Systems free essay sample

All goals must be measurable to then measure the progress towards the successful outcome, to measure progress is to monitor and access success and achievement. Attainable Stresses the importance of goals that are realistic and attainable, how can the goal be accomplished? Relevant Choosing goals that matter Time bound Grounding goals within a time frame providing a target date A commitment to a deadline supports others to focus their efforts on completion of the goal set. A time bound goal is intended to establish an urgency. Example- Care plans goals, client needs to loose weight, how, activities exercise, diet plan and education- SMART. Support team of care on best to support clients the SMART procedure, enforce and practise, make others aware of person central. Good communication and documentation provides consistency in supporting staff and clients in SMART objectives and goals. Life star and goals as an example- template. Read it and sign n it sheet and summarise it. Unit 501 1. 2 Explain how to support effective communication within job role communication plays a vital role in providing a duty of care. To provide a duty of care at the best possible standards staff must be able to communicate automaton /sign brail verbally picture charts , books emotion charts preferred language religious views ad wishes body language know clients care plans and communication passports to communicate efficiently ensure to attend full training needed, ensure tools and aids are facilitated and practised. Staff must communicate between themselves in order to provide duty of care, in order to achieve goals best quality of life, make improvements, access medications, ccess suitability of activities. Risk assessment. Improving mental health and behaviour maintaining health, to reduce vulnerability and exploitation, to access s/U suited situations, EG- section informal care settings. All care plans are a form of communication, to inform those needed to know and abiding confidentiality on how best to know a client, assist staff to do so, strong thorough inductions for staff. Communication through documentation, communicate verbally to one another as team members, provides efficient and smooth running of shifts as a team leader. Communication – knowing where S/U are, staff are, what observations facilitated and supported incidents. Good communications enables others to have a good level of knowledge and understanding of how best to support others, and to be supported. Communication enables others to understand where improvement may be needed, how best to do it and achievements and outcomes of doing so. Barriers and challenges = communication Within a core setting challenges and challenging behaviour may be presented due to communication barriers, verbally and physically. When there may be communication barriers it can affect a clients behaviour due to frustration the client maybe feeling. A client may become to feel angry that communication barrier is affecting their need, wishes, wants, requests and preferences. Communication barrier may make a client feel sad , lonely and depressed, causing lack of interaction and possible deterioration of health and non- compliance of treatment. UNIT 501 1. 3 Analyse the barriers and challenges to communication within own job within a care setting challenges and challenging behaviour may be presented due to communication barriers, this may be verbal or physical. Where there may be communication barriers it can affect a clients behaviour due to frustration that individual may be feeling. A client may begin to feel angry because the communication barrier could be affecting there needs, wishes, wants, rights, requests and preferences. A communication barrier may assist a client in feeling sad, lonely, depressed, causing lack of interaction and engagement, also possible deterioration of health and non compliance. Barriers may be- a verbal communication barrier, mute client tools and aid ommunication and emotion cards and charts makaton /sign language poor relationships/ rapports between staff and clients= communication barriers may cause challenging behaviour. Lack of communication can cause barriers between staff and clients resulting in poor level of care, client confusion,agitation and challenging behaviour. Lack of communication between a client and there family can cause upset, deterioration of mental health, physical health, effecting reco very and treatment causing client to possibly feel sad, depressed, lonely, rejected and neglected. Poor communication between staff among themselves can also result in poor care of the clients, lack of organisation and lack of professionalism. Unit 501 1. 4 Implement a strategy to overcome communication barriers Strategy to overcome communication barriers , firstly state all anticipated barriers that may impact upon others causing challenging behaviour. Strategies will be different for each individuals personal barriers, disabilities and core settings. Listed below are several general strategies to overcome communication barriers take S/U seriously pply yourself with good attitude deliver message skilfully focus on receiver use multiple channels to communicate instead of relying one on one ensure appropriate feedback Unit 501, Facilitators of communication- The following general guidelines may be helpful to facilitate effective communication- work at improving communication skills, the communication model and discussion of barriers to communicate provide necessary knowledge. Include communication as a skill to be evaluated along with all the other skills and training make communication goal orientated hen the sender and receiver have a good relationship its more likely to achieve communication goals. Experiment with communication alternatives, what works with one may not work with another, use diverse communication channels, listening and feedback and techniques work to minimise negative impacts handle noise and disruptive environments should be handled as priority bass, it is essential to identify and eliminate prioritize work, don’t overload, spend time and get to know clients All messages must be complete, in all respect and convey all facts required by the receiver. Incompleteness, understanding and confusion between staff and clients. Always make sure the information correct. Clarity in communication makes understanding easier and enhances the meaning of a message. Staff should make sure an attempt to understand the clients requirement, emotions, and problems. Ensure that the self-respect of all are maintained and kept at a high standard at all times. Unit 501 1. 5 Use different means of communication to meet different needs Different means- different needs communication. All individuals have different needs, requiring different types of care. Personalised care. If a client is mute/particularly mute that person may need a source of communication particular communication tools and aids in order to support clients to express views, feelings, emotions, requests, needs, wishes and preferences. Picture charts/cards emotion communication cards picture menu communication personal pack talking technology aids sign language/ Makaton For blind clients they will be supported with brail aids, a support stick , talking technology support and possibly guide dogs. Sign is a means of communication for deaf clients, deaf clients may have a hearing aid, notification tools to inform others of impairment(possibly guide dogs). Different means of communication, meet different needs. All individuals have different means of communication , some may be louder than others, some may characterise/ cartoons express verbal communication. Some may be excitable and verbally loud, possibly invasive of personal space. Staff need to understand each clients individuality, how to adapt to each individual, how to manage all individual needs. Some clients may only prefer to work with a certain gender, if not facilitated communication may fail. Some clients may express themselves through body language communication, staff need to know and understand personalised body language. Body language can in some cases display escalation prior to agitation and de-escalation. Body language can display feelings, likes, dislikes, so’s and dint’s. Staff should know their clients and know their care plans, know signs and body language In order to support one another with efficient communication. Unit 501, 2. 1 Monitor the effectiveness of communication systems and practices In order to monitor the effectiveness of communication systems and practise an in health care setting, a system must be put in place that is able to track and observe all the information. In order to provide good communication, staff should always reflect feedback in order to access where improvements can be put into place. Oe source of feedback can be to monitor communication systems and practises. Monitoring communication systems and practises empowers staff to document actions, results and further improvement . When effective monitoring takes place it supports clients to communicate to the best possible standard. A care setting can monitor effectiveness of communication systems by support of a occupational therapist, a activity co-ordinator. The best method of monitoring systems s to document efficiently, when practising communication systems, make sure the documentation is fully detailed, state the source of communication, how the client responded and update regulatory, when updating you may notice a pattern or an improvement, if so then its clear to change the method so its suited to the client. Unit 501,2. 2 Evaluate the effectiveness of existing communication systems and practises As a senior support worker I believe that my communication skills and systems are very effective, within my job role it is essential to uphold and maintain a good standard of communication with, team members nurses, deputy management, management, doctors, co-co-ordinators, activity co-ordinators, occupational therapists, social workers, service users, ext of kins and family. This may be directly or indirectly , verbally, face to face, over the phone, emails, letters, meetings, supervisors and appraisals. This may be due to discuss progress, deterioration of service users, planned /new activities, to provide input in personalised care, care plan assessment meetings, tribunals, medication assessment. For staff this may be due to supervision appraisals, complaints, disciplinary, discuss new referrals or any issues that may arise. Unit 501, 2. 3 Propose improvements to communication systems and practises to address any shortcomings The best standard of care for a service user must be personalised to suit that particular individual. Also a part of personalised care is personalised support and communication systems for the service users support system. Some families prefer to collect the client themselves but wish to have regular contact with the supporting staff and updates. Information updates may be via several methods, face to face, phone calls, letters and email. Which ever method is preferred by the families should be suited and facilitated, how they wish. Some families may only want to speak to the clients key workers, where as others will discuss information with any staff. Some families may also only prefer to discuss information face to face at visits or meetings set up. Unit 501, 2. 4 Lead the implementation of revised communication systems and practices As a key worker , I review care plans which Is a source of communication, during a review I have to update information and behaviours. Part of a care plan I build communication care plans and life stars. In my communication passports I build information about the particular client, in order to assist them and any care team to support that particular individual to the best possible standard. A communication passport details how that client best communicates and the best way to communicate with them. This may include sign language , Makaton and personalised signs. It will include personalised body language and preference on how that client responds best. Communication passports ad any health visits, planned or unplanned, this aids the external care members to support a client they do not know. For example- If a client falls over and needs medical attention , that client may attend hospital but who ever supports them will not know the dos and dint’s , how to communicate and provide support in order to give medical support. Communication passports also are a source of communication to new staff which supports them with efficient induction. It empowers staff to get to know a client, there communication an systems and practices, their triggers and how to provide successful de-escalation. Life Stars- life stars are built to track current status, monitor progress and set goals to achieve. Life stars state current stages on various abilities and show where progress can be set and achieved. This system is also a communication aid to new staff and all care members. Risk Assessments- These are put in place to access risks that may be risky for that particular individual and how best to manage a situation , this is a form of communication. At the end of every shift staff document personalised notes of a clients individual care plan and throughout the day notes are taken. At my work place, an incident analyses form is completed to record incidents and accident annalists form is recorded for accidents. Throughout the day staff complete an engagement record and observation forms. This is a form of communication. At the beginning of every shift staff attend a detailed hand over backed up by nursing led notes, where all previous information is verbally expressed to staff at the end of every shift. Staff attend and verbally input information into a shift debrief to reflect and discuss hoe the shift went, issues to be resolved and any improvements that may be made and documented. All communication tools are evidenced at ward round, attended by many professional bodies who access clients care and put appropriate care into place. Unit 501, 3. 1 Use communication systems to promote partnership working Within my work setting we use communication systems to promote partnership, listed below are many- care plans Risk Assessments Health action plans Communication passports Observations Handover and de brief -verbal and documented Personalised action plans Weekly ward round reviews Regular â€Å"CPA†- care plan assessments Weekly physiology sessions Each shift consists of a range of clients and a range of staff, this includes x1 nurse In charge and x1 senior care support worker. The senior care support worker plans and arranges the whole shift , staff and clients on an allocations book which staff only have access. This allocated sheet is partly completed at the beginning of the each shift and mostly completed during a client morning meeting. Where clients to a degree have personalised in out on their individual day plan. The allocated sheet is a communication tool from from senior to a staff team, in order to organise all people and the shift efficiently, which promotes partnership in the worker. Unit 501, 3. 2 Compare the effectiveness of different communications systems for partnership working Care plans provide efficient information to all care team staff, new staff and provides regular updates for current staffing team. Care plans may provide information to external care teams, if supported with client or management permission for example- during transitions, external staff may visit a core setting during a client transition of the care environment, staff may access the client care plans in order to access the client prior to shadowing practically. Care plans are personalised. A risk assessment provides current risks a client may experience, this informs others of the possible and previous risks and how best to manage them. Health action plans provides communication to inform others on clients current health, progress and goals, where improvement can be made and how best to go about it, without this an individuals care and health may not be consistent. Communication passports inform others on how best to communicate with a particular client, it will provide information on dos and donts tools and aids possibly used, personalised and Makaton signs. Observations are a document used by staff on a timely basis throughout the day depending on the individuals current observations, this may be hourly documentation or every 15 minutes observations. These documents state where the client is, what location, specific engagement and activity and the staff allocated to that person. Unit 501 3. 2 Handover an De-briefing- this s completed prior and after every shift, Handover is prior to a shift to update the staffing team of recent activities, behaviours, incidents, progress and mental and physical health. DE-Briefings commenced at the end of every shift, attended by all our staffing team, to reflect on the shift completed to access how the staff worked , how clients have been, the overall outcome of the shift , improvements that may possibly made. Ward round reviews- are attended by our doctor, management, nursing team, psychologist, social worker and client. This is to review the past weeks progress, incidents, behaviours, activities and and health of individuals. All of the above is a tool to vital different communications systems for partnerships in work. Without the above communication would be minimal which would decrease the level of care provided. Unit 501 3. 3 Propose improvements to communication systems for partnership working As a senior support worker within my work environment, I see few faults in our communication systems. I personally feel and experience our current communication systems are efficient. Listed below are few improvements that could be slightly approved upon to become more efficient- staff de-brief to be timely within working hours regular staff meetings arranged in order for majority of staff team to attend, with plenty of notice more detailed morning every de-briefing better staff environment with weekly ward rounds, CPAs and staff interviews more staff time to complete documentation Unit 501 4. 1 Explain legal and ethical tensions between maintaining confidentiality and sharing information Confidentiality indicates preserving the privacy of someone you may be providing a duty of care too. All information related to them must be used only by the authorised care team involved in providing the care and care setting. This also includes verbal information. To breach confidentiality is to share information VIA any form, this may be documentation or verbal to share with others who are not on the care team or do not have permission from the client. Informed consent is when permission is authorised and allowed to be released to other parties. This is provided by completing a legal consent form which becomes record. The meaning of privileged information is shared between an attorney and client, still confidential. Confidentiality must be maintained at all times regardless of the situation at hand. Unit 501, 4. 2 Analyse the essential features of information sharing agreements within and between organisations.